Renewable energy in Poland compared to the European Union

How does Poland compare to Europe in RES adoption and CO₂ emissions?

According to the latest European Electricity Review report, renewable energy now accounts for nearly half of the EU’s electricity production (47%), surpassing fossil fuels, which contributed 29% in 2024. For the first time, solar power (11%) overtook coal (10%), and wind energy (17%) produced more electricity than gas (16%) for the second consecutive year. However, the energy landscape varies across Europe—Scandinavian countries lead in RES adoption, with Norway generating 97% of its electricity from hydropower, while Sweden and Denmark excel in wind energy. Iceland meets nearly all its energy needs from renewables.

Poland is gradually improving its position in renewable energy adoption. In September 2024, renewable sources accounted for 36.8% of the country’s electricity production, according to a Forum Energii report. However, the annual average share stood at around 26.9%, still below the EU average.

Coal remains dominant in Poland’s energy mix, accounting for approximately 57.1% of electricity generation at the end of 2024. For comparison, the average carbon intensity in the EU was around 230 gCO₂eq/kWh in 2021, while in Poland, this figure reached approximately 700 gCO₂eq/kWh. Although emissions from Poland’s power sector declined by 17% year-over-year in October 2024, the country remains one of the most carbon-intensive in Europe.

What limits the development of RES in Poland?

As of October 2024, Poland’s installed power generation capacity reached approximately 72 GW, with renewables accounting for 32.7 GW. This makes Poland the fourth-largest in Europe in terms of annual PV capacity growth and the eighth worldwide in total installed photovoltaic capacity. The most significant increase in 2024 was in large-scale solar farms, driven by programs such as Mój Prąd and regulatory changes facilitating installations up to 150 kW, which have encouraged both utility-scale projects and small prosumer systems.

Despite this progress, wind energy development in Poland is still hindered by strict legal regulations. The distance law imposes restrictive siting rules for wind farms, limiting investment potential. As a result, Poland is not fully leveraging its considerable wind energy potential. Structural issues also pose a challenge, as the country’s aging energy infrastructure remains tailored primarily to centralized coal power plants.

Poland’s renewable energy sector has substantial growth potential—provided that the right regulatory and investment conditions are established.

How do high CO₂ emission costs affect energy prices in Poland?

Higher emissions translate into increased costs for carbon allowances under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). In 2024, carbon prices averaged between €68-73 per ton, directly impacting electricity costs. Currently, the average electricity price for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland stands at approximately 693 PLN/MWh (€147/MWh) before taxes—placing Poland above the EU average. However, when adjusted for purchasing power, Polish businesses face some of the highest energy costs in Europe.

These high prices have long-term consequences, reducing the competitiveness of Polish industry and ultimately increasing costs for consumers.

What actions can accelerate RES development in Poland?

1. Accelerating the transition to renewable energy in Poland requires coordinated efforts at multiple levels. Investment in infrastructure and green energy technologies is crucial. The rapid expansion of solar power demonstrates the sector’s strong growth potential, but easing restrictions on wind energy development is equally vital.
2. Modern tools, such as Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs), offer businesses a way to secure renewable energy even if they cannot invest in their own installations.

Supporting the RES sector could also create numerous jobs. Investment in renewables stimulates technological advancement, innovation, and economic competitiveness.

Poland’s continued reliance on fossil fuels presents both environmental and economic challenges that are already affecting society. Other countries’ experiences show that prioritizing renewable energy can lead to lower electricity prices, reduced emissions, and enhanced economic competitiveness. Poland now has an opportunity to build a modern energy system based on renewable sources and move toward a more sustainable future.