Solar farms – what components are essential for their construction?

How does a solar farm work?

From a technological standpoint, a solar farm operates on principles similar to those of a small residential installation but on a much larger scale. Its core component is the photovoltaic panels, which consist of silicon semiconductor cells that convert solar energy into electricity. These panels are mounted on specialized supporting structures to ensure optimal alignment with sunlight.

The direct current (DC) generated in the cells is then converted into alternating current (AC) by inverters, which play a crucial role in adjusting the electrical parameters to meet the requirements of the power grid. This electricity is transmitted through cable systems and transformers to the distribution network, eventually reaching end consumers.

In addition to the primary power generation infrastructure, solar farms are equipped with comprehensive security systems, including monitoring, lightning protection installations, and fencing to prevent unauthorized access. Modern management systems allow for remote control of the power plant’s operation, fault detection, and optimization of energy production based on weather conditions.

How to build a solar farm?

Building a solar farm involves meeting a range of formal and technical requirements. Unlike residential installations, large-scale solar power plants require carefully selected locations, environmental impact assessments, and appropriate administrative permits.

The first step in the investment process is choosing a suitable site. Solar farms are typically located on low-grade agricultural land (classes IV, V, and VI) or wastelands unsuitable for traditional farming. A minimum area of approximately 2 hectares is required for a 1 MW capacity solar farm. Sunlight exposure is also a crucial factor—the site should be flat, unobstructed by shading, and situated in a region with high solar radiation.

Once the location is selected, the investor must conduct a feasibility analysis and prepare an installation design. This phase considers technical aspects such as panel layout, availability of power grid infrastructure, and construction and operational costs. Simultaneously, obtaining the necessary administrative decisions is essential, including:

• Environmental decision, if the farm exceeds a specific capacity threshold,
• Land development conditions or local spatial development plan,
• Building permit,
• Grid connection conditions from the power grid operator.

After completing the documentation and obtaining the necessary approvals, the actual construction of the solar farm begins. Initially, the land is prepared—this may involve clearing vegetation, leveling the ground, and building appropriate access roads, depending on site conditions. Support structures are then assembled, and photovoltaic panels are installed. The next stage involves connecting inverters, transmission systems, and transformers, as well as implementing security systems and monitoring solutions.

Before commissioning the farm, technical tests and inspections are conducted. Only after successful load tests and compliance with safety standards can the production of electricity begin, with the power being fed into the grid.

Where are the largest solar farms in Poland?

The rapid growth of the solar energy sector in Poland has led to the construction of numerous high-capacity solar farms in recent years. The largest installation in the country is located in Zwartowo (West Pomeranian Voivodeship), comprising nearly 400,000 photovoltaic panels and covering an area of about 300 hectares. This farm supplies energy to approximately 153,000 households, with a target capacity of 290 MWp.

The second-largest solar power plant is in Brudzew, with a capacity of 70 MW. The installation spans 112 hectares, utilizing 155,000 photovoltaic modules, each with a capacity of 450 W. In addition to inverters and transformers, the farm is equipped with advanced management and monitoring systems.

Future prospects for solar farms in Poland

The growing importance of renewable energy in Poland is expected to continue in the coming years. Rising electricity prices, the drive for energy independence from fossil fuels, and the European Union’s climate policy requirements make investments in solar farms an attractive option for both major energy companies and private investors.

One of the most significant advantages of solar power is the predictability of costs. Unlike fossil fuel-based power plants, solar farms are not subject to fluctuations in raw material prices. Moreover, technological advancements are making photovoltaic panels increasingly efficient, while production costs are consistently decreasing, enabling the implementation of larger and more profitable projects.

However, the growth of the solar energy sector in Poland is not without challenges. One of the main issues is the availability of land for new installations. Although current regulations allow the use of lower-grade agricultural land, some municipalities are concerned about the visual impact of solar farms or the possibility of future land reclamation. Additionally, the increasing share of intermittent energy sources in the national power system necessitates investments in energy storage solutions and grid modernization, leading to additional costs for operators.

Solar farms are playing an increasingly significant role in transforming Poland’s energy landscape by boosting the share of renewable sources and reducing CO₂ emissions. Although the sector shows great potential, further growth will require grid modernization, energy storage development, and administrative streamlining. In the coming years, photovoltaics is likely to become one of the pillars of the national energy system, providing a stable and eco-friendly source of electricity.